1.0NKVTS Englishhttps://www.nkvts.no/englishNKVTS Englishhttps://www.nkvts.no/englishrich600338<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="dEB0JpkSwg"><a href="https://www.nkvts.no/english/project/trail-eu/">TRAIL-EU</a></blockquote><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" src="https://www.nkvts.no/english/project/trail-eu/embed/#?secret=dEB0JpkSwg" width="600" height="338" title="“TRAIL-EU” — NKVTS English" data-secret="dEB0JpkSwg" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" class="wp-embedded-content"></iframe><script> /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(d,l){"use strict";l.querySelector&&d.addEventListener&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&(d.wp=d.wp||{},d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage||(d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage=function(e){var t=e.data;if((t||t.secret||t.message||t.value)&&!/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/.test(t.secret)){for(var s,r,n,a=l.querySelectorAll('iframe[data-secret="'+t.secret+'"]'),o=l.querySelectorAll('blockquote[data-secret="'+t.secret+'"]'),c=new RegExp("^https?:$","i"),i=0;i<o.length;i++)o[i].style.display="none";for(i=0;i<a.length;i++)s=a[i],e.source===s.contentWindow&&(s.removeAttribute("style"),"height"===t.message?(1e3<(r=parseInt(t.value,10))?r=1e3:~~r<200&&(r=200),s.height=r):"link"===t.message&&(r=new URL(s.getAttribute("src")),n=new URL(t.value),c.test(n.protocol))&&n.host===r.host&&l.activeElement===s&&(d.top.location.href=t.value))}},d.addEventListener("message",d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),l.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){for(var e,t,s=l.querySelectorAll("iframe.wp-embedded-content"),r=0;r<s.length;r++)(t=(e=s[r]).getAttribute("data-secret"))||(t=Math.random().toString(36).substring(2,12),e.src+="#?secret="+t,e.setAttribute("data-secret",t)),e.contentWindow.postMessage({message:"ready",secret:t},"*")},!1)))}(window,document); </script> For refugee children, language is not merely a means of communication, it is a critical foundation for accessing education, forming social relationships, and building a future in their new home country. Beyond its instrumental value, language development also plays a central role in identity formation, emotional regulation, and mental health, all of which are essential for successful integration. Yet, compared to other migrant groups, refugee children often face greater difficulties in language acquisition due to interrupted or limited prior schooling, exposure to trauma before and during flight, and ongoing post-migration stressors such as socio-economic instability, legal uncertainty, or discrimination. These challenges point to an urgent need for targeted support that goes beyond traditional language teaching methods. In particular, current research overlooks the common learning difficulties refugee children and adolescents face as a consequence of pre- and peri-flight traumas, such as exposure to violence, threat, war, or loss, and an increased risk of adverse childhood experiences such as neglect or abuse [3, 4]. Trauma-Responsive Approaches in Language Instruction (TRAIL-EU) aims to address several key knowledge gaps in this area, using a multi-disciplinary approach. Its central objectives are to better understand to what extent trauma-sensitive teaching approaches are currently being implemented in language learning contexts across European countries, and which strategies may best support refugee children’s language learning, given its important links to long-term academic, socio-emotional, and integration outcomes.